Why do children choose to tell the truth—or not? A new study from Tanzania explored whether different moral authorities shape children’s honesty in different ways. Researchers tested whether reminders from family, the state, or religion could discourage cheating among schoolchildren.

More than 750 students aged 8 to 16 took part in a simple experiment: they privately tossed a coin and reported the result, knowing they would receive a prize if they claimed to win. Because nobody could verify the outcome, the experiment measured honesty without fear of punishment. Before reporting their result, some children received short messages reminding them that cheating is wrong—framed either as a family value, a legal rule, or a religious teaching.

The results were striking. Children were significantly less likely to cheat after messages linked to family or the state. Religious messages, however, had little effect, despite Tanzania being a highly religious country.

The findings suggest that children respond most strongly to moral guidance that feels close to their everyday lives and relationships. This matters far beyond the classroom: understanding how honesty develops can help policymakers, educators, and families design more effective ways to build trust, integrity, and responsible citizenship from an early age.

Falco, P., Lesseri, G. P., Ngasamiaku, W., Ruhinduka, R. D., & Zaccagni, S. (2025). For God, family, and country: The moral power of authorities. The World Bank Economic Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhaf027